Análisis numérico comparativo de fijadores para el tratamiento de fracturas proximales del fémur // Comparative numerical analysis of fixers for the treatment of proximal fractures of the femur
Abstract
Resumen
Múltiples son los dispositivos utilizados para lograr la consolidación de las fracturas proximales del
fémur, algunos sufren roturas antes de ser retirados del paciente, ocasionando nuevas
complicaciones al mismo. En esta investigación se presentan los resultados del análisis numérico
realizado a un fijador interno del tipo placa DHS (Dinámic Hip Screw) y a un fijador externo
monolateral con tornillo cefálico RALCA (Rodrigo Álvarez Cambras), con el propósito de determinar
el comportamiento del estado tensional-deformacional de ambos dispositivos durante la
consolidación ósea de fracturas proximales de cadera, bajo la marcha monopodal del paciente. Para
la modelación geométrica de los dispositivos en cuestión se empleó el paquete de diseño en 3D
SolidWorks y la simulación numérica se realizó con el empleo del paquete de análisis por elementos
finitos Cosmos/Works. Los resultados muestran valores inferiores de las tensiones máximas en el
fijador externo en comparación con las tensiones que surgen en la placa dinámica bajo la acción de
las cargas actuantes en los modelos, por lo que se concluye que el primero posee mejores
características resistivas, siendo recomendable su uso en pacientes de mayor peso corporal o que
podrían realizar actividades físicas más activas durante su recuperación postoperatoria.
Palabras claves: elementos finitos, biomecánica, osteosíntesis, fractura de cadera.
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Abstract
Multiple are devices used to achieve the consolidation of proximal femur fractures, some suffering
breakage before being removed from the patient, causing new complications to them. This research
presents the results of the numerical analysis made to an internal fixer type plate DHS (Dinámic Hip
Screw), and to a monolateral external fixer with RALCA (Rodrigo Alvarez Cambras) head screw, with
the purpose of determining the behavior of the tensional-deformational State of both devices during
the bone consolidation of proximal fracture of the hip, with patients walking using one leg. For the
geometric modeling of the devices in question is employed the design package 3D SolidWorks and
numerical simulation was carried out with the use of the analysis package by finite elements
Cosmos/Works. The results show lower values of maximum stress in the external fixer in comparison
with the stress that arise in the dynamic plate under the action of the acting loads on the models, so it
can be concluded that the first possesses best resistive features, being recommended its use in
patients having heavy weight or those who could make more active physical activities during their
postoperative recovery.
Key words: finite elements, biomechanics, fixation, hip fracture
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