Simulación de soldadura de acero hipoeutectoide por arco eléctrico con electrodo de tungsteno y protección gaseosa // Gas tungsten arc welding simulation of a hypoeutectoid steel
Abstract
El objetivo del trabajo fue simular los esfuerzos residuales y la distorsión de una soldadura por arco eléctrico con electrodo de tungsteno y protección gaseosa de un acero hipoeutectoide, empleando el método de los elementos finitos, las transformaciones microestructurales teniendo en cuenta el efecto del material de aporte, elemento poco estudiado en la literatura especializada que se enfoca más en soldaduras autógenas. La modelación se dividió en dos etapas: una simulación térmica y una simulación estructural. Fueron empleadas las propiedades termo - dependientes de un acero ASTM A210 Gr. A1 y de un alambre ER - 70S6. Se analizaron los puntos en el espesor de la placa y a distintas longitudes del centro de soldadura. Los resultados obtenidos tuvieron similitud con los expuestos en la bibliografía consultada. Los esfuerzos máximos fueron de tracción. Los valores más importantes de distorsión total se encontraron a menores a 20 mm del centro de soldadura. A partir de esa longitud, son prácticamente nulos. Se determinó una marcada diferencia entre los esfuerzos residuales longitudinales y los transversales en la zona fundida.
Palabras claves: modelación termo-mecánica; esfuerzos residuales de soldadura; distorsión; acero hipoutectoide.
Abstract
The aim of the work was to simulate the residual stresses and distortion of an electric arc welding with tungsten electrode and gas shielding of a hypoeutectoid steel, using the finite element method, the microstructural transformations and taking into account the effect of the filler material, an element little studied in the specialized literature that focuses more on autogenous welds. The modelling was divided into two stages: one thermal simulation and another structural simulation. The thermal-dependent properties of an ASTM A210 Gr. A1 steel and an ER - 70S6 wire were used. The spots were analyzed in the thickness of the plate and at different lengths of the weld center. The results obtained were similar to those reported in the literature. The maximum stresses were tensile. The most important values of total distortion were found at less than 20 mm from the weld center. Above this length, they are practically nil. A marked difference between longitudinal and transverse residual stresses was found in the molten zone.
Key words: thermo - mechanical modelling; welding residual stress; distortion; hypoeutectoid steel.
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